How to avoid noise in digital photography?

tripod, use lower iso. however, there tradeoff -- @ low iso, 100, using exposure time longer 30 seconds create noise also. pixels on energized image sensor tend go hot during long exposures due internal current inherent in sensor itself. there techniques can utilized reduce noise, particularly in night or astrophotography, such image stacking, using image editing program photoshop, or standalone "stacking" program many astrophotographers use. technique can used low light/high noise image, works best @ night things star trails , such. can use noise reduction software, noise ninja plug-in photoshop (which use), more noise reduction required, less fine detail left noise reduction tends soften images quite bit. anyway, there no real way of avoiding noise in digital photography. using camera start. also, using image stabilized lens can help, if have means. many can allow 4 stops of stabilization, meaning can use shutter speed 4 stops slower prudent focal length of lens, meaning in turn, can use iso 4 stops slower -- on paper, anyway. in practice takes.......well, practice. now, lower iso, less noise have. but, lower iso, slower shutter speed be. use tripod.

in digital photography lot of noise appears in bad light conditions, how avoid that??????

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